Cloud-based application resource files

ABSTRACT

A cloud computing system can be used to transparently reduce the storage space of an application on a client device. An application can be installed with a minimal set of application resource files. The remaining application resource files can be replaced with application resource file placeholders, which can have the appearance of application resource files but are in fact empty files. When an application requests an application resource file, an application resource file retrieval process installed on the client device can detect the difference between an application resource file and an application resource file placeholder. The application resource file retrieval process can trigger a fault in response to detecting an application resource file placeholder, which causes the client device to obtain the requested application resource file from a remote storage location, such as cloud-based storage. Additionally, installed application resource files can be replaced with application resource file placeholders.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/473,560, filed on May 16, 2012, of which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to cloud computing and more specificallyto using cloud-based storage to transparently reduce the spacerequirements of an application installed on a client device.

2. Introduction

Many applications installed on a client device include functionalitythat requires the use of assets or resources that are external to themain application executable, such as through a template file, a libraryfile, a data file, another application, a daemon, etc. For example, aword processing program can include a main application executable thatprovides the core functionality. To provide specialized functionality,such as specially designed document formatting that a user can reuse,the word processing program can include templates. When a user choosesto use a predefined document format, the corresponding template isloaded from an external resource file.

The full set of application resource files included with an applicationcan be designed to cover a broad application usage spectrum and themajority of users may only make use of a subset of the applicationresources. For example, word processing applications often include aplethora of templates targeting a range of use cases, including personaland business use. A user who installs a word processing application forpersonal use has a lower likelihood of using the business relatedtemplates than the templates designed for the personal use cases.Additionally, in some cases, a user may never use a single template ormay only use personally created templates. The templates that are neverused occupy space on the user's device that could be used to store dataactually used by the user.

SUMMARY

Additional features and advantages of the disclosure will be set forthin the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from thedescription, or can be learned by practice of the herein disclosedprinciples. The features and advantages of the disclosure can berealized and obtained by means of the instruments and combinationsparticularly pointed out in the appended claims. These and otherfeatures of the disclosure will become more fully apparent from thefollowing description and appended claims, or can be learned by thepractice of the principles set forth herein.

The presently disclosed technology enables the transparent reduction ofthe space occupied by an application on a client device by storingapplication resource files in remote storage, such as cloud-basedstorage. A method includes receiving a request to install anapplication. The application can be any application that includes one ormore application resource files. In some cases, the request can bereceived by the operating system or a special process or daemonconfigured to install applications that include application resourcefiles.

In response to receiving the install request, the method can select atleast one application resource file to install as an applicationresource file placeholder. In some cases, the application resource fileplaceholder can have the appearance of the application resource filethat it is replacing. Additionally, the method can select theapplication resource files that are to be installed as applicationresource file placeholders based on a predefined criteria, such asapplication resource file size, maximum total size of installedapplication resource files for the application, the target applicationuse, and/or application use history. An application resource file thatis installed as an application resource file placeholder can be storedin a remote repository, such as cloud-based storage.

A second method includes receiving a request from an executingapplication for an application resource file. The executing applicationcan be any application including an operating system installed with aminimal set of application resource files. In some cases, the requestcan be received by the operating system or a special process or daemondesigned to retrieve application resource files.

The method can detect a fault in response to identifying that therequested application resource file is an application resource fileplaceholder. In some cases, an application resource file placeholder isspoofed to have the appearance of an application resource file. That is,the application resource file placeholder and application resource filecan have the same name, file type, and displayed size, however, theactual size of the application resource file placeholder can be 0 bytesor the file can be empty. In this case, detecting that an applicationresource file is an application resource file placeholder can includeidentifying that a specific bit is set on the file. In response to thefault, the method can obtain the requested application resource filefrom a remote storage location, such as a cloud computing system,cloud-based storage, another client device, or a peer-computing device.In some cases, the application resource file placeholder can be replacedwith the obtained application resource file.

In some embodiments, the method can further include replacing aninstalled application resource file with an application resource fileplaceholder. The replacement can occur in response to satisfyingpredefined criteria. The predefined criteria can include determiningthat the application resource file is no longer needed or thatadditional space is required on the client device.

A system includes a memory, such as a hard drive that can store anapplication, application resource files, and application resource fileplaceholders. The system can also include a first module configured tocontrol the processor to receive a request for an application resourcefile, such as a template file. In some cases, the first module can be anapplication resource file retrieval process, such as a daemon or otherapplication.

Upon receiving a request for an application resource file, a secondmodule can attempt to retrieve the application resource file. Whensecond module detects an application resource file placeholder, thesecond module can trigger a fault. In some cases, the second module candetect an application resource file placeholder through a specific bitset on the file. In response to the fault, the second module can obtainthe requested application resource file from a remote repository, suchas cloud-based storage. In some cases, the second module can obtain therequested application resource file by causing the system to obtain therequested application resource file. Furthermore, the a third module canreplace the application resource file placeholder with the obtainedapplication resource file.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order to describe the manner in which the above-recited and otheradvantages and features of the disclosure can be obtained, a moreparticular description of the principles briefly described above will berendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which areillustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawingsdepict only exemplary embodiments of the disclosure and are nottherefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, the principlesherein are described and explained with additional specificity anddetail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary configuration of devices in a cloudcomputing system;

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary cloud computing resources system;

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary request to store a data item usingenhanced cloud-based storage;

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary request to retrieve a data item usingenhanced cloud-based storage;

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary application with application resourcefiles;

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary application with application resourcefiles and an application resource file placeholder;

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary operating system with resource files andresource file placeholders;

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary execution of an application that usesapplication resource files;

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary data item collection;

FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary collection formation exchange;

FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary assignment of a data item to acollection;

FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary method embodiment for storing a dataitem using enhanced cloud-based storage;

FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary method embodiment for retrieving a dataitem using enhanced cloud-based storage;

FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary method embodiment for installing anapplication with application resource file placeholders;

FIG. 15 illustrates an exemplary method embodiment for obtaining anapplication resource file;

FIG. 16 illustrates an exemplary method embodiment for data item sharingand collaboration;

FIG. 17 illustrates an exemplary method embodiment for subscribing auser to a collection;

FIG. 18 illustrates an exemplary method embodiment for assigning a dataitem to a collection;

FIG. 19 illustrates an exemplary method embodiment for modifying a dataitem assigned to a collection; and

FIG. 20 illustrates an example system embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various embodiments of the disclosure are discussed in detail below.While specific implementations are discussed, it should be understoodthat this is done for illustration purposes only. A person skilled inthe relevant art will recognize that other components and configurationsmay be used without parting from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.The present disclosure addresses the need in the art for improvedmethods of sharing and storing data in a cloud-based computingenvironment.

1. Cloud Computing Environment Overview

Cloud computing is a type of Internet-based computing in which a varietyof resources are hosted and/or controlled by an entity and madeavailable by the entity to authorized users via the Internet. Anexemplary cloud computing system configuration 100 is illustrated inFIG. 1 wherein a variety of electronic devices can communicate via anetwork for purposes of exchanging content and other data. The systemcan be configured for use on a wide variety of network configurationsthat facilitate the intercommunication of electronic devices. Forexample, each of the components of system 100 in FIG. 1 can beimplemented in a localized or distributed fashion in a network.

System 100 can be configured to include cloud computing resources 120.The cloud resources can include a variety of hardware and/or softwareresources, such as cloud servers 122, cloud databases 124, cloud-basedstorage 126, cloud networks 128, cloud applications, cloud platforms,and/or any other cloud-based resources. In some cases, the cloudresources are distributed. For example, cloud-based storage 126 caninclude multiple storage devices. In some cases, cloud resources can bedistributed across multiple cloud computing systems and/or individualnetwork-enabled computing devices. For example, cloud computingresources 120 can communicate with servers 104 ₁, 104 ₂, . . . , 104_(n) (collectively “104”), database 106, and/or any othernetwork-enabled computing device to provide the cloud resources.

Furthermore, in some cases, the cloud resources can be redundant. Forexample, if cloud computing resources 120 is configured to provide databackup services, multiple copies of the data can be stored such that thedata is still available to the user even if a storage resource isoffline, busy, or otherwise unavailable to process a request. In anotherexample, if cloud computing resources 120 is configured to provideapplications, the applications can be available from different cloudservers so that the applications can be served from any of the differentcloud servers. Algorithms can be applied such that the closest server orthe server with the lowest current load is selected to process a givenrequest.

In system 100, a user interacts with cloud computing resources 120through user terminals 102 ₁, 102 ₂, . . . , 102 _(n) (collectively“102”) connected to a network by direct and/or indirect communication.Cloud computing resources 120 can support connections from a variety ofdifferent electronic devices, such as servers; desktop computers; mobilecomputers; handheld communications devices, e.g., mobile phones, smartphones, tablets; set top boxes; network-enabled hard drives; and/or anyother network-enabled computing devices. Furthermore, cloud computingresources 120 can concurrently accept connections from and interact withmultiple electronic devices. Interaction with the multiple electronicdevices can be prioritized or occur simultaneously.

Cloud computing resources 120 can provide cloud resources through avariety of deployment models, such as public, private, community,hybrid, and/or any other cloud deployment model. In some cases, cloudcomputing resources 120 can support multiple deployment models. Forexample, cloud computing resources 120 can provide one set of resourcesthrough a public deployment model and another set of resources through aprivate deployment model.

In some configurations, a user terminal 102 can access cloud computingresources 120 from any location where an Internet connection isavailable. However, in other cases, cloud computing resources 120 can beconfigured to restrict access to certain resources such that a resourcecan only be accessed from certain locations. For example, if cloudcomputing resources 120 is configured to provide a resource using aprivate deployment model, then cloud computing resources 120 canrestrict access to the resource, such as by requiring that a userterminal 102 access the resource from behind a firewall.

Cloud computing resources 120 can provide cloud resources to userterminals 102 through a variety of service models, such as Software as aService (SaaS), Platforms as a service (PaaS), Infrastructure as aService (IaaS), and/or any other cloud service models. In some cases,cloud computing resources 120 can provide multiple service models to auser terminal 102. For example, cloud computing resources 120 canprovide both SaaS and IaaS to a user terminal 102. In some cases, cloudcomputing resources 120 can provide different service models todifferent user terminals 102. For example, cloud computing resources 120can provide SaaS to user terminal 102 ₁ and PaaS to user terminal 102 ₂.

In some cases, cloud computing resources 120 can maintain an accountdatabase. The account database can store profile information forregistered users. The profile information can include resource accessrights, such as software the user is permitted to use, maximum storagespace, etc. The profile information can also include usage information,such as computing resources consumed, data storage location, securitysettings, personal configuration settings, etc. In some cases, theaccount database can reside on a database or server remote to cloudcomputing resources 120 such as servers 104 or database 106.

Cloud computing resources 120 can provide a variety of functionalitythat requires user interaction. Accordingly, a user interface (UI) canbe provided for communicating with cloud computing resources 120 and/orperforming tasks associated with the cloud resources. The UI can beaccessed via an end user terminal 102 in communication with cloudcomputing resources 120. The UI can be configured to operate in avariety of client modes, including a fat client mode, a thin clientmode, or a hybrid client mode, depending on the storage and processingcapabilities of cloud computing resources 120 and/or the user terminal102. Therefore, a UI can be implemented as a standalone applicationoperating at the user terminal in some embodiments. In otherembodiments, a web browser-based portal can be used to provide the UI.Any other configuration to access cloud computing resources 120 can alsobe used in the various embodiments.

2. Cloud Computing Resources System

Having disclosed an exemplary cloud computing environment, thedisclosure now turns to FIG. 2, which illustrates an exemplary cloudcomputing resources (CCR) system 200, such as cloud computing resources120 in FIG. 1. The CCR system 200 can include a number of features toenhance a user's ability to store, share, and access data from a varietyof different client device types. The features can include enhancedcloud-based storage, cloud-based resource, and group data item sharingand collaboration. For example, CCR system 200 can provide cloud-basedstorage that is extended through the use of an external network storagedevice, such as a personal network-enabled external hard drive. Inanother example, CCR system 200 can provide cloud-based storage forapplication resource files, such as template files that are infrequentlyused. In yet another example, CCR system 200 can facilitate data sharingamong a group of users subscribed to a collection. These features, aswell as, the architecture and resources that can be used to provide thefeatures will be discussed in greater detail below.

2.1 Architecture

As illustrated in FIG. 2, the architecture of the CCR system 200 cancontain a number of components. The components can include one or moredatabases for storing data relevant to the operation of the system,e.g., an account database 240, a collections database 242, and anapplication resource database 246; one or more storage device, e.g.,cloud-based storage 244; and one or more modules and/or engines forinteracting with the databases, storage devices, and/or controlling thefeatures provided by the system, e.g., a communications interface 210,an account management module 212, a user interface module 214, a dataitem sharing engine 220, and a cloud storage engine 230. Each ofcomponents in FIG. 2 is discussed in more detail below; however, itshould be understood to one skilled in the art, that the architecturalconfiguration illustrated in FIG. 2 is simply one possible configurationand that other configurations with more or less components are alsopossible.

The CCR system 200 is network-based system that can communicate with avariety of different client devices. To facilitate the communication,the CCR system 200 can include a communications interface 210. Thecommunications interface 210 can be configured to receive acommunication, such as a request, data, etc., from a client device andpass the communication along to the appropriate module and/or engine inthe CCR system 200 for processing. The communications interface 210 canalso be configured to send a communication to a client device.Furthermore, the communications interface 210 can be configured tocommunicate with any computing device including other cloud computingsystems.

Some of the features provided by the CCR system 200 can require userinteraction, such as a request for a specific file that is stored incloud-based storage, inviting a new user to subscribe to a data filecollection, and/or adding a new file to a collection. Accordingly, auser interface (UI) can be provided for communicating with a userinterface module 214 for performing such tasks. The UI for the userinterface module 214 can be accessed via a client device 202 incommunication with the CCR system 200. The UI and the user interfacemodule 214 can operate in a variety of client modes, include a fatclient mode, a thin client mode, or a hybrid client mode, depending onthe storage and processing capabilities of the CCR system 200 and/or theclient device 202. Therefore, a UI for the user interface module can beimplemented as a standalone application operating on a client device insome embodiments. In other embodiments, a web browser-based portal canbe used to provide the UI for the user interface module 214. Any otherconfiguration to remotely or locally access the CCR system 200 can alsobe used in the various embodiments. Additionally, the UI can be any typeof UI that facilitates user interaction, such as a graphical userinterface, an audio user interface, and/or any other type of UI.

In some cases, the CCR system 200 can provide features on a per userbasis, such as cloud-based storage, or a feature may require userauthentication. To enable these features, the CCR system 200 can includean account database 240 and an account management module 212. Theinformation stored in the account database can vary depending on thefeature. For example, if the account database 240 is used to storeinformation related to enhanced cloud-based storage, the accountinformation may include user information, maximum storage spaceauthorized, storage space used, identifiers of authorized clientdevices, identifiers of authorized external network storage devices,file storage locations, etc. Alternatively, if the account database 240is used to store information related to data file collections, theaccount information may include user information, collections subscribedto, identifiers of authorized client devices, etc. In someconfigurations, a single account database can be used across the CCRsystem 200 to store account information for all of the features.However, the CCR system 200 can be configured to maintain differentaccount databases for different features, such as an account databasefor cloud-based storage and a different account database for data filecollections.

The account management module 212 can be configured to update and/orobtain user account details in the user account database 240. Forexample, upon receiving a request to store a file, the accountmanagement module 212 can obtain the user's account details, which theCCR system 200 can then use to determine whether the user has authorizedan external network storage device as a storage location. In anotherexample, in response to a user accepting an invitation to subscribe to acollection, the account management module 212 can update the user'saccount details to include the collection. The account management module212 can be configured to interact with any number of other modulesand/or engines in the CCR system 200.

One of the features of the CCR system 200, which will be discussed inmore detail below, is that the CCR system 200 can be used to facilitatedata item sharing and collaboration among groups of users. The sharingand collaboration can be accomplished through the creation ofcollections. A group of users can subscribe to a collection. After acollection has been formed, one or more subscribed users can assign dataitems to the collection, and a copy of each assigned data item can bedistributed to each subscribed user. Information related to a collectioncan be stored in the collections database 242. The stored informationcan include a collection identifier, identifiers of subscribed users,assigned data items, one or more log files maintaining a record ofmodifications, etc.

The CCR system 200 can include a data item sharing engine 220 to managethe sharing and collaboration activities associated with collections.For example, the data item sharing engine 220 can receive a modificationto a data item assigned to a collection, update the collectioninformation in the collection database 242, and distribute themodification to the other users subscribed to the collection. Toaccomplish the task of managing the sharing and collaboration activitiesassociated with collections, the data item sharing engine 220 caninclude one or more modules, such as a collection management module 222and a version control module 224. The data item sharing engine 220 canalso be configured to interact with any number of other modules and/orengines in the CCR system 200.

Another feature of the CCR system 200, which will be discussed in moredetail below, is that the CCR system 200 can provide enhancedcloud-based storage. To facilitate the enhanced cloud-based storage, theCCR system 200 can include a cloud storage engine 230. For example, thecloud storage engine 230 can receive a request to store a data item. Inresponse to the store request, the cloud storage engine 230 can obtainuser account details associated with the request, store the data item incloud-based storage 244 and/or on an authorized external network storagedevice, and update the account details regarding the storage location.Likewise, the cloud storage engine 230 can receive a request to retrievea data item. In response to the retrieve request, the cloud storageengine 230 can obtain user account details associated with the requestto identify the storage location, and obtain the data item from thestorage location. Additionally, the cloud storage engine 230 can be usedto manage the storage and retrieval of application resource files, suchas template files. The cloud storage engine 230 can include one or moremodules, such as a data management module 232, and one or moredatabases, such as the application resource database 246, to provide thecloud-based application resources functionality. The cloud storageengine 230 can also be configured to interact with any number of othermodules and/or engines in the CCR system 200.

2.2 Features

As mentioned previously, the CCR system 200 can include a number offeatures to enhance a user's ability to store, share, and access datafrom a variety of different client device types. The features caninclude enhanced cloud-based storage, cloud-based resources, and groupdata sharing.

2.2.1 Enhanced Cloud-Based Storage

The CCR system 200 can be configured to provide cloud-based storage. Insome configurations, the cloud storage engine 230 can manage thecloud-based storage feature. The cloud storage engine can receive storerequests and retrieve requests from client devices. In some cases, thestore and retrieve requests are passed to the cloud storage engine 230via the communications interface 210 and/or the user interface module214.

A user can establish an account with the CCR system 200 for the purposeof storing data items from a client device in cloud-based storage, suchas cloud-based storage 244. The cloud storage engine 230 can obtain theaccount details, such as from the account management module 212. In somecases, the cloud storage engine 230 can assign a maximum storagecapacity for a user account. For example, the cloud storage engine 230can assign uniform storage capacities for all users, e.g. 4 GB. Inanother example, the cloud storage engine 230 can assign differentstorage capacities for different users based on predefined criteria,e.g. capacity based on user affiliation, capacity based on subscriptionfee, etc. The maximum storage capacity can be recorded in a user'saccount details, such as by passing the information to the accountmanagement module 212. However, in some cases, the cloud storage engine230 can allow unlimited storage capacity.

In addition to storage capacity, the cloud storage engine 230 can alsobe configured to maintain a record of a user's current storage usage.For example, if a user has stored five files that have a total size of500 MB, the cloud storage engine 230 can maintain such information byhaving the information recorded in the user's account details. In somecases, usage information can be maintained regardless of whether amaximum storage capacity is assigned to a user.

The cloud storage engine 230 can also be configured so that a user canauthorize multiple client devices on a single user account, thusallowing a user to access a data item stored in cloud-based storage frommultiple client devices. For example, a user can authorize a homedesktop computer and a portable computer. The user can then store a dataitem from the desktop computer to the cloud-based storage and laterretrieve the item using the portable computer. The authorized clientdevices can be recorded in the user's account details, such as byrecording a unique identifier for a client device. Additionally, in somecases, a client device can be associated with multiple user accounts.

The cloud-based storage details described thus far are rathertraditional cloud-based storage features. However, the cloud storageengine 230 can provide enhanced cloud-based storage through integrationof an external network storage device authorized on a user account. Anexternal network storage device as used herein can be anynetwork-enabled storage device, such as an external hard drive, that theuser owns and/or that is connected to the CCR system 200 via the user'slocal network, e.g. personal network storage device 202 ₁. That is, anetwork-enabled storage device that is independent of any cloudcomputing system. For example, an external network storage device can bean external hard drive a user has connected to their local network intheir home. Alternatively, an external network storage device can be anetwork-enabled storage device connected to an organization's localnetwork. That is, an external network storage device can be anynetwork-enabled storage device residing on a local network, as opposedto being part of the CCR system 200 or some other cloud computingsystem.

A user can authorize one or more external network storage devices ontheir user account in the CCR system 200. In some cases, an externalnetwork storage device can be authorized on multiple user accounts. Forexample, a household may include three people, each with user accounts,and a single external network storage device. Each user in the householdcan authorize the external network storage device on their account.

Once an external network storage device is authorized in a user account,the cloud storage engine 230 can use the external network storage deviceto extend the cloud-based storage. That is, instead of storing a dataitem in cloud-based storage 244, the cloud storage engine 230 can storethe data item on the authorized external network storage device.However, if a user requests to store a data item, and the user has notauthorized an external network storage device on their account, thecloud storage engine 230 can revert to traditional cloud-based storage.

When multiple external network storage devices are authorized in a useraccount, the cloud storage engine 230 can select one of the externalnetwork storage devices as the storage location for a data item. Theselection can be based on a variety of criteria, such as random, theamount of space available, distance from the cloud storage engine 230,data item type, user preference, reliability of the external networkstorage device, etc.

The cloud storage engine 230 can be configured to include a datamanagement module 232 that can administer the data items stored incloud-based storage. For example, the data management module 232 canoperate as an enhanced file system. The data management module 232 canbe configured to determine whether a data item should be stored incloud-based storage 244 or on an authorized external network storagedevice. The decision to store a data item on an authorized externalnetwork storage device can be based on satisfying predefined criteria.The criteria used can vary with the configuration of the system. In somecases, the data management module 232 can choose to store a data item onan authorized external network storage device when it is determined thatnot enough space was allocated in cloud-based storage for the user. Forexample, the cloud storage engine 230 can be configured to allocate lessspace than the approved maximum capacity for a user account. When thedata management module 232 determines that the space allocated isinsufficient, and the user has not exceeded the user's approved maximumstorage capacity, instead of allocating more space in cloud-basedstorage 244, the data management module 232 can store the data item onthe authorized external network storage device. In some cases, the datamanagement module 232 can choose to store a data item on an authorizedexternal network storage device when it is determined that the user hasexceeded the user's approved maximum storage capacity. For example,instead of denying the user's storage request or requiring the user toincrease their storage capacity in the cloud-based storage 244, the datamanagement module 232 can store the data item on an authorized externalnetwork storage device. Alternatively, in some cases, the datamanagement module 232 can be configured to choose to store a data itemon an authorized external network storage device when the datamanagement module 232 determines that storing on the external networkstorage device may be more efficient. For example, if the externalnetwork storage device is closer than the cloud-based storage 244,storing the data item on the external network storage device can reducethe latency and increase performance. Additionally, in some cases, thedata management module 232 can be configured to choose to store a dataitem on an authorized external network storage device based on userpreference. For example, a user can specify that a particular data itemor a particular type of data item should be stored on the externalnetwork storage device.

The data management module 232 can also be configured to maintainmultiple copies of a data item in cloud-based storage 244. Theredundancy can be performed to decrease the likelihood that a requesteddata item is unavailable. For example, the data management module 232can be configured to store a copy of a data item in cloud-based storage244 every time the data item is stored on an external network storagedevice. In some cases, the redundancy options can be based on userpreference. For example, the user can specify that a data item that theuser instructed the cloud storage engine 230 to store on an externalnetwork storage device should not also be stored in cloud-based storage244, but can be stored on an additional authorized external networkstorage device.

In some cases, the data management module 232 can be configured to splitthe data item and store the pieces in one or more cloud-based storagelocations, including on an external network storage device. For example,a data item can be split into two pieces and one piece stored incloud-based storage 244 and the other on an external network storagedevice. Additionally, in some configurations, the data management module232 can split the data item into multiple pieces and redundantly storethe pieces.

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary scenario 300 in which a request to storea data item using enhanced cloud-based storage is received at the CCRsystem 200. In the scenario 300, a user 302 has an assortment of clientdevices 304, 306, and 308. The user has authorized client devices 304and 306 on the user's account for the purpose of sending to andretrieving data items from cloud-based storage. Additionally, the userhas authorized external network storage device 308 as an authorizedstorage location for the user's data items. When the user makes a storerequest from client device 304, the cloud storage engine 230 receivesthe request and the data item. Upon determining that the data itemshould be stored on an external network storage device 308, the cloudstorage engine 230 can send the data item to the external networkstorage device 308 and update the user's account details to reflect thestorage location choice. The cloud storage engine 230 can make thedetermination that the data item should be stored on the externalnetwork storage device 308 in a manner that is transparent to the user.That is, the cloud storage engine 230 can chose to store the data itemon the external network storage device 308 without input from the user.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary scenario 400 in which the user 302requests to retrieve a data item previously stored in the cloud-basedstorage. In the scenario 400, the user makes a request to retrieve thedata item. The request to retrieve a data item can be made from the sameclient device that was used to store the data item and/or from adifferent device. In scenario 400, the retrieve request is made fromclient device 306, which is a different device than was used to storethe data item. In response to receiving the request, the cloud storageengine 230 obtains the user account information to determine thelocation of the data item. Upon determining that the data item wasstored on an external network storage device, the cloud storage engine230 can obtain the data item from the external network storage device308 and send the data item to the client device 306. Because the storagelocation information is maintained by the CCR system 200, the cloudstorage engine 230 can obtain a data item stored on an external networkstorage device without additional input from the user. Therefore, thefact that a data item is stored on an external network storage devicecan be transparent to a user.

2.2.2 Cloud-Based Resources

The CCR system 200 can also be configured to provide a client devicewith cloud-based application resources and/or facilitate the retrievalof application resources from other storage locations. In many cases, anapplication executing on a client device can include functionality thatrequires the use of assets or resources that are external to the mainapplication executable. The application resource can include anyresource required by the application to provide some aspect of theapplication's functionality, e.g. a template file, a library file, adata file, another application, a daemon, etc. For example, a wordprocessing program can include a main application executable thatprovides the core functionality. To provide specialized functionality,such as specially designed document formatting that a user can reuse,the word processing program can include templates. When a user choosesto use a predefined document format, the corresponding template isloaded from an external resource file. In this example, each template isan application resource. In another example, a music application caninclude a collection of different instruments. Each instrument can be anapplication resource. The functionality for the instrument can becontained in an application resource file, which is loaded by the musicapplication when the user chooses that particular application. In yetanother example, an application can be an operating system that includesa kernel, which provides the most basic functionality and allows otherapplications to interact with a device's hardware. To providehigher-level functionality, an operating system can include otherresources in the form of other applications and daemons, many of whichare executed on an as needed basis. Each of the higher-levelapplications and daemons are application resources for the operatingsystem. From the perspective of the kernel, the higher-levelfunctionality is provided through application resource files.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary scenario 500 of an application withapplication resource files. In scenario 500, the application 502includes three application resource files 504, 506, and 508. As theapplication 502 executes, the application resource files are loaded. Inscenario 500, resource files 504 and 506 have been loaded, but resourcefile 508 has not.

The full set of application resource files included with an applicationcan be designed to cover a broad application usage spectrum and amajority of users may only make use of a subset of the applicationresources. For example, word processing applications often include aplethora of templates targeting a range of use cases including personaland business use. A user who installed a word processing application forpersonal use has a lower likelihood of using the business relatedtemplates than the templates designed for personal use cases.Additionally, in some cases, a user may never use a single template ormay only use personally created templates. The templates that are neverused occupy space on the user's device that could be used to store dataactually used by the user. Therefore, to decrease the storage footprintof an application, the application can be installed on a client devicewith only a minimal set of application resource files or even noapplication resource files at all.

The set of application resource files installed with the application canvary with the configuration, can be determined by the applicationdeveloper, and/or can be determined by the user. For example, anapplication developer can maintain application usage historyinformation. Based on the usage history information, the developer candetermine that a particular subset of application resource files aremost frequently used and only include those resource files with theapplication. In another example, the application installation can beconfigured to allow the user to specify a subset of application resourcefiles to install, such as resource files categorized for a particularuse case or a particular type of assets, e.g. home or business. In yetanother example, a client device can be configured to automatically onlyinstall a subset of the applications based on a predefined criteria,such as resource file size or a maximum total size for all installedapplication resource files.

In place of an application resource file, an application can include anapplication resource file placeholder. An application resource fileplaceholder can provide the appearance that the actual applicationresource file is installed, but instead it is actually an empty filethat is spoofed to look identical to the actual resource file. That is,an application resource file placeholder can have the same name, type,etc. It can even display a file size that matches the size of the actualresource file, which can be a safety measure to prevent accidentaldeletion of the placeholder file. Where a placeholder can differ from anactual resource file is that the placeholder contains no data and aspecial bit can be set to indicate that the file is placeholder.

To facilitate the retrieval of an application resource file, anoperating system installed on the client device can include a specialresource file fetching process or daemon. When an application resourcefile is requested by an application, the resource file fetching processcan receive the request and then detect, through the special bit,whether the installed resource file is an actual resource file or aplaceholder. If the process detects a placeholder file, a fault istriggered and the actual resource file is obtained from the cloud. Oncethe actual resource file is obtained, it can be installed in place ofthe resource file placeholder. Because a separate process is responsiblefor providing the resource file to the requesting application, whetheran actual resource file or a placeholder is installed can be transparentto the application. This level of transparency also means that nospecial application preparation is required. That is, the applicationitself does not need to include special functionality for fetching aresource file and/or the application developer does not need to identifyand replace pieces of the program with resource file placeholders. Theinstallation of placeholder files can occur at any time, including aftera resource file has been installed.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary scenario 600 of an application withapplication resource files and an application resource file placeholder.In scenario 600, the application 502, from FIG. 5, still includesfunctionality provided by the three application resource files, but nowapplication 502 is installed with only two of the application resourcefiles: resource files 504 and 508. In place of application resource file506, the application includes an application resource file placeholder510. As the application 502 executes, the application resource files areloaded. When the application resource file placeholder 510 isencountered the client device obtains the actual application resourcefile.

FIG. 7 illustrates another exemplary scenario 700 of an operating system702 installed on a client device 704 with resource files and resourcefile placeholders. The operating system 702 can be installed on a clientdevice 704 with minimal functionality that includes the kernel and theresource file retrieval daemon. A minimal set of additionalfunctionality can also be installed on the client device 704. Forexample, commonly used applications, such as a web browser and a mediaplayer, can be installed, but less commonly used applications, such as acalendar application, an email client, an address book application,etc., can be installed as resource file placeholders.

If during execution of an application on a client device, a fault istriggered, the client device can communicate with the CCR system 200 toobtain the application resource file. The CCR system 200 can beconfigured such that the cloud storage engine 230 can manage thecloud-based application resources feature. In some cases, thecommunications interface 214 can receive the request and pass therequest to the cloud storage engine 230 for processing.

In some cases, the CCR system 200 can be configured to maintain a set ofapplication resource files. For example, the CCR system 200 can storethe set of application resource files in cloud-based storage 244. Thescope of the application resource files can vary with the configurationof the CCR system 200 and/or the application. For example, the set ofapplication resource files maintained by the CCR system 200 for anapplication can include the full collection of resource files used bythe application. Alternatively, the set of application resource filesmaintained by the CCR system 200 can include only those applicationresource files not included with the original application installation.That is, the application resource files available from the CCR system200 can exclude the application resource files in the minimal set ofapplication resource files.

The cloud storage engine 230 can be configured to include a datamanagement module 232 that can administer the application resource filesstored in cloud-based storage. In some cases, upon receiving a requestfor an application resource file, the data management module 232 canretrieve the application resource file from the cloud-based storage 244and send the application resource file to the requesting client device.Alternatively, upon receiving a request for an application resourcefile, the data management module 232 can be configured to retrieve theapplication resource file from a storage location outside of the CCRsystem 200, such as from another cloud computing system and/or anotherclient device. In some cases, the CCR system 200 can include anapplication resource database 246 that includes information regardingthe application resources known to the CCR system 200, such as thestorage locations of the resource files. In this case, upon receiving arequest for an application resource file, the data management module 232can access the application resource file database 246 to obtain anyapplication resource file details. If the application resource filedetails specify a storage location, the data management module 232 canobtain the application resource file from the specified storagelocation.

In some cases, the cloud storage engine 230 can be configured torestrict access to some or all of the application resource files. Forexample, an application resource file may only be available toregistered users. By limiting access to registered users, the cloudstorage engine 230 can be used to prevent access to application resourcefiles by users that do not have authorized copies of the application. Inanother example, an application resource may only be available to usersat a certain subscription level, e.g. home edition, professionaledition, etc. To enable restricted access to application resource files,the cloud storage engine 230 can obtain user account details, such asfrom the account management module 212, to determine whether arequesting user is eligible to receive the requested applicationresource.

In some configurations, an installed application resource canautomatically be replaced on a client device with an applicationresource file placeholder. In some cases, the replacing can be performedin a manner that is transparent to the application. The conditions underwhich an application resource file is removed can vary with theconfiguration of the client device and/or the application. In somecases, an application resource file can be selected based on: need foradditional space, reaching the maximum space allocation for applicationresource files associated with a particular application, and/or usagepatterns indicating the application resource file is no longer needed.Other methods of determining when an application resource file should beremoved are also possible. Additionally, the particular applicationresource file selected for removal can vary with the configuration ofthe client device and/or the application. In some cases, the particularapplication resource file selected can be based on: random selection,size, usage history, user preference, and/or application developerpreference. Other methods of selecting a particular application resourcefile for removal are also possible. Furthermore, an application resourcefile can be replaced at any time. That is, an application resource filecan be replaced regardless of whether the application is executing ornot.

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary scenario 800 in which an application810, which utilizes application resource files 812, 814, and 816, isexecuting on a client device 802. Application 810 along with applicationresource files 812 and 816 are installed on the client device 802. Inplace of application resource file 814, the application resource fileplaceholder 818 is installed on the client device 802. During execution,the application 810 requires application resource file 814, whichtriggers a fault. In response to the fault, the client device 802communicates with the CCR system 200 to request application resourcefile 814. The cloud storage engine 230, via the data management module232, retrieves the application resource file 814 from cloud-basedstorage, or some other storage location, and sends the applicationresource file 814 to the client device 802. The application resourcefile 814 is then installed on the client device 802.

2.2.3 Data Collections Management

The CCR system 200 can also be configured to facilitate data itemsharing and collaboration among groups of users. The data item sharingand collaboration feature revolves around the concept of a collection,which can unite a group of users and one or more data items. FIG. 9provides an exemplary illustration of the collection concept. First, thecollection 900 includes a group of users that are each subscribed to thecollection and that can share data items with the collection via one ormore authorized client devices, such as client devices 902, 904, and906. The collection 900 also includes one or more data items that havebeen assigned to the collection 900, such as data items 910, 912, and914. While the collection concept is illustrated as a group of devicesaccessing a central pool of data items, this is merely for the purposeof illustrating the relationship between the different aspects of acollection. In implementation, each authorized client device canmaintain a local copy of each data item assigned to the collection.Additionally, a user can subscribe to multiple collections.

In some configurations, the data item sharing engine 220 can manage thevarious aspects of the sharing and collaboration features, such ascollection formation, collection maintenance, and/or collectiontermination. The data item sharing engine 220 can interact with theaccount management module 212 and/or a collections database 242. Thecollections database 242 can store information related to a collection,such as a collection identifier, identifiers of subscribed users,assigned data items, one or more log files that maintain a record ofdata item modifications, etc. Additionally, in some configurations, thedata item sharing engine 220 can communicate with a client devicethrough the communications interface 210 and/or the user interfacemodule 214.

In some configurations, the client device can run a client sidecollections application, which provides client side functionality forthe data item sharing and collaboration features. The features of andthe manner in which a user can interact with the client side collectionsapplication can vary with the configuration of the client device, thecollections application, the CCR system 200, and/or the networkconnection.

An aspect of data item sharing and collaboration is collectionformation. The manner in which a collection is formed can vary with theconfiguration of the client device, the CCR system 200, and/or thenetwork connection. However, collection formation can include twoaspects: authorization and authentication. The authorization aspect canpertain to inviting one or more users to subscribe to a collection,while the authentication aspect can pertain to validating that a user isactually authorized to subscribe to the collection.

In a method of collection formation, a user can initiate the collectionformation by inviting one or more users to subscribe to the collection.In some cases, a client device can be configured such that a user canright click on the desktop to activate a menu in which one of theavailable menu items is “form collection,” or some variation thereof.Alternatively, the client device can be configured such that a user canclick on an icon or select a menu option. The client device can also beconfigured with an application that includes a user interface forcreating one or more collections. The collections application canrequire the user to authenticate, such as by supplying a username andpassword.

The user can invite one or more users by specifying a user identifierfor each user, such as a username, email address, and/or any otherunique user identifier. The invitation can serve as the authorizationstep of the collection formation. To complete the collection formation,an invited user can authenticate, thereby subscribing the user to thecollection.

In this collection formation scenario, a user can add a file to thecollection after completing the subscription process. For example, theuser who initiated the collection formation can add a file to thecollection after inviting one or more users to subscribe, and in somecases, before all of the invited users have accepted the invitation.However, an invited user cannot add a file to the collection or receivea file that is part of a collection until the user has completed thesubscription process because the user is not yet part of the collection.

Alternatively, a user can initiate collection formation by selecting oneor more data items to share. In some cases, the client device can beconfigured such that a user can right click on a data item or a group ofdata items to activate a menu in which one of the available options isshare. The client device can also be configured to run a client sideapplication that includes a user interface for selecting one or moredata items to share. Alternatively, a share feature can be built into anapplication. For example, a word processing application can include amenu item for sharing. Additionally, in some configurations, a user canselect a folder containing one or more data items to share each of thedata items within the folder.

After selecting to share a data item, the user can specify one or moreusers with whom to share the data item. The act of selecting one or moreusers can trigger the invitation process. The user can invite one ormore users by specifying a user identifier for each user, such as ausername, email address, and/or any other unique user identifier. Theinvitation can serve as the authorization step of the collectionformation. To complete the collection formation, an invited user canauthenticate, thereby subscribing the user to the collection. Eventhough, the collection formation was initiated by selecting a particularfile to share, an invited user cannot receive the data item until theuser has completed the subscription process.

In some cases, the CCR system 200 can act as an intermediary in thecollection formation. For example, a client device can send thecollection formation information to the data item sharing engine 220.Upon receiving the collection formation information, the data itemsharing engine 220 can send invitations to the invited users and handlethe authentication process. For example, FIG. 10 illustrates anexemplary collection formation exchange 1000 facilitated by the CCRsystem 200. The formation process begins with User 1, where User 1invites User 2 to subscribe to a collection. The invitation informationis sent to the CCR system 200. The CCR system 200 can then send theinvitation to User 2. At some point, User 2 can act on the invitation,which requires User 2 to authenticate with the CCR system 200. Uponcompletion of the authentication process, the CCR system 200 canoptionally send a notification to User 1 that User 2 has completed thesubscription process and is now subscribed to the collection. In somecases, the invite request from User 1 can include a data item. In thiscase, upon completion of the authentication process, the CCR system 200can send the data item to User 2.

The collection formation process can also be performed in a peer-to-peerconfiguration when the client devices are active on a local area network(LAN). For example, the collection formation process can use devicediscovery software, such as the Bonjour application, published by AppleInc. of Cupertino, Calif., to discover other client devices on the LAN.An invitation to subscribe to a collection can then be sent directlyfrom one client device to another. In a pure peer-to-peer configuration,the authentication process can be performed on the client device.Alternatively, the collection formation process can be a combination ofpeer-to-peer and facilitation by the CCR system 200.

The manner in which a user receives a notification can vary with theconfiguration of the client device, the CCR system 200, and/or thenetwork connection. A user can receive an invitation via email, instantmessage, SMS, a notification in a client side application, a pop-upwindow on a client device, etc. For example, if a user sends invitationinformation to the CCR system 200 that specifies a user identifier, theCCR system 200 can maintain a database of user account information. Anitem in the user account information can include a method of contactinga user, such as an email address, or a phone number. The CCR system 200can then use that information to send the invitation to the inviteduser. In another example, if the user sends an invitation directly toanother client device on a LAN, the invited user can receive theinvitation via a pop-up window on the invited user's client device.

In some cases, the types of data items that can be shared through acollection can be limited. For example, a collection can be used toshare word processing documents, but not media items of a specific filetype, such as movies. The limitation can be system wide and/or on a percollection basis. For example, the data item sharing engine 220 can beconfigured to allow the sharing of any data item type through anycollection, but a particular collection can be formed with a policy thatprevents sharing of data items with an AAC file type. In anotherexample, the data item sharing engine 220 can be configured to preventsharing of data items with an MP3 file type and then a particularcollection can be formed with a policy that additionally preventssharing of data items with an AAC file type. Thus, the resultingcollection will have a policy that prevents the sharing of data itemswith a file type of MP3 or AAC.

In some configurations, a collection can include one or moreadministrators. For example, the user who formed the collection canautomatically be designated the administrator. The administrator canspecify policies associated with the collection, such as subscriptionpolicies, data item addition/deletion policies, data item modificationpolicies. For example, the administrator can establish a policy thatonly administrators can invite new users to subscribe to the collection.In another example, the administrator can establish a policy that onlyadministrators can add and/or delete data items from a collection. Inyet another example, the administrator can establish a policy as towhich users have modification rights on each data item. In a furtherexample, an administrator can establish a policy specifying the type ofdata items that can be assigned to the collection. Additional, policiesare also possible.

A data item can also be assigned to a collection separate from thecollection formation process. In some cases, the client device can beconfigured such that a user can right click on a data item or a group ofdata items to activate a menu in which one of the available options isshare. The client device can also be configured to run a client sideapplication that includes a user interface for selecting one or moredata items to share. Alternatively, a share feature can be built into anapplication. For example, a word processing application can include amenu item for sharing. Additionally, in some configurations, a user canselect a folder to share each of the data items within the folder. Afterselecting to share, the user can specify one or more collections thatthe user is subscribed to.

In some cases, the CCR system 200 can act as an intermediary in sharinga data item. For example, once a user selects a data item to share andassigns the data item to a collection, the client device can transmitthe data item to the data item sharing engine 220 along with informationregarding the assigned collection. The collections management module222, within the data item sharing engine 220, can update the collectionsdatabase 242 to reflect the newly assigned data item. Additionally, insome cases, the collections management module 222 can identify the otherusers subscribed to the collection and distribute a copy of the dataitem to all authorized devices associated with the subscribed users.Alternatively, the collections management module 222 can receiverequests for new data items from client devices subscribed to acollection. That is, the data item sharing engine 220 can be configuredin a push and/or a pull configuration—upon receiving a new data item,the data item sharing engine 220 can push the data item to thesubscribed client devices and/or the data item sharing engine 220 canreceive requests from client devices for newly assigned data items. Thedata item sharing process can also be performed in a peer-to-peerconfiguration when the client devices are active on in a LAN or a hybridconfiguration using a combination of peer-to-peer and facilitation bythe CCR system 200.

FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary scenario 1100 in which a data item 1110is assigned to a collection and the distribution of the data item 1110is facilitated by the CCR system 200. The data item 1110 is assigned toa collection on client device 1102. Once the data item 1110 is assigned,client device 1102 sends a copy of the data item 1110 to the data itemsharing engine 220. The collections management module 222 updates thecollections database 242. Additionally, the collections managementmodule identifies two additional subscribed client devices 1104 and 1106and distributes a copy of the data item, data items 1112 and 1114, toeach of client devices 1104 and 1106. Upon receiving a copy of the dataitem, a user operating each client device can store the data itemlocally in a storage location of the user's choosing. That is, the userdoes not need to store the data item in a special folder, but caninstead store the data item in a location that is meaningful to theuser.

In some cases, only a subset of the users subscribed to a collection canbe authorized to add data items to a collection. Such a restriction canbe enforced through a number of techniques. In some cases, to enforcesuch a restriction, a client device can be configured to not assign adata item. Alternatively, the data item sharing engine 220 can beconfigured to not accept a data item assigned from an unauthorized user.Additional methods of enforcing a data item assignment restrictionpolicy are also possible. Additionally, in some cases, a collectionsadministrator can approve each data item or each data item assigned byspecified users before the data item is officially assigned to acollection.

In addition to using a collection to share a data item, users subscribedto a collection can also collaborate on a data item assigned to thecollection. That is, when a user makes a modification to a local copy ofa data item assigned to the collection, the modification canautomatically be distributed to every other user subscribed to thecollection. In some cases, a client device can send modifications inreal time. For example, the modifications can be sent as themodification is made. However, a client device can also be configured tosend a collection of modifications at periodic intervals and/or send acollection of modifications upon instruction from a user. For example, acollection of modifications can be sent every 5 minutes or when the dataitem is saved. In another example, a collection of modifications can besent when the user selects an options such as send modifications.Additionally, a client device can be configured to collect modificationswhile the client device is offline and then send all collectedmodifications once the client device is connected to a network.

A version control feature on the client device and/or in the data itemsharing engine 220 can aid the collaboration feature. For example, theclient device can be configured so that each time the user modifies adata item assigned to a collection, the client device sends the entiredata item to the data item sharing engine 220 where the version controlmodule 224 merges the changes into the current version stored in thecollections database 242. To distribute the changes to the other clientdevices subscribed to the collection, the data item sharing engine canrequest the current copy of the data item on a subscribed client device,merge the modifications, and return the updated data item to the clientdevice. Such a technique incurs significant overhead and has thepotential to disrupt users on other subscribed devices. Therefore, analternative is to configure the client device to include a client sideversion control application and the data item sharing engine 220 with aversion control feature, such as the version control module 224. When auser modifies a data item, the client device can use the version controlsoftware to identify the changes and send only the modifications to thedata item sharing engine 220. The version control module 224 can recordthe received modifications and distribute them to the other subscribedclient devices. Once received at the other client devices, the versioncontrol software can merge the received modifications with any localchanges. The modification distribution and/or the version controlfeature can also be performed in a peer-to-peer configuration when theclient devices are active on a LAN or in a hybrid configuration using acombination of peer-to-peer and facilitation by the CCR system 200.

Each data item modification can be merged into the data item such that aclient device can store a single copy of a data item assigned to thecollection. In some cases, a data item modification can bedistinguishable from an unmodified section or a previously modifiedsection of a data item. For example, a client device can display a dataitem that is a text document, such as a word processing document, wherethe data item modifications are distinguished using redlining. A varietyof techniques for drawing a distinction between a new modification andthe previously existing data item contents are possible, such ashighlighting, redlining, font changes, attaching a note or comment, etc.Additionally, in some cases, a user name or other identifier can beattached to a modification and/or displayed along side the modification.

In some cases, multiple users can modify a data item simultaneously. Inthis case, the data item sharing engine 220 and/or the version controlsoftware can include a conflict resolution strategy so that a clientdevice only maintains a single copy of each data item in the collection.That is, when a conflict occurs, the conflict does not cause thecreation of an additional copy of a data item on the client device. Theclient device can maintain a single copy of the data item where theconflicting modifications are both present in the local copy of the dataitem. For example, the conflicting modifications can both be merged intothe local copy of the data item and a user can manually resolve theconflict, such as by selecting all or part of a modification. In somecases, the user that can resolve a conflict can be an administrator of acollection. Alternatively, a vote-based process can be used. Forexample, each user subscribed to the collection can select one of theconflicting modifications, the modification with the greatest number ofvotes can be the modification used. Alternatively, an administrator canuse the voting in making a selection. In some cases, a resolution policycan be assigned to a data item or a collection. For example, the policycan specify that a conflict associated with a higher ranked user beautomatically selected. Once a conflict has been resolved, the data itemsharing engine 220 can distribute the resolution.

A variety of techniques can be used to present conflicting modificationsin a data item. For example, conflicting modifications can be presentednext to each other but be differently highlighted, such as through fontor color. In another example, the conflicting modifications can bepresented sequentially. In some cases, the sequentially presentedmodifications can be ranked, such as based on a rank assigned to theuser's associated with the modifications. In yet another example, theconflicting modifications can be presented in a margin next to theoriginal content. In a further example, the conflicting modificationscan be presented in pop up boxes or windows above the content.

In some cases, only a subset of the users can modify a data itemassigned to a collection. Such a restriction can be enforced through anumber of techniques. In some cases, to enforce such a restriction, thedata item can be stored on a client device with read only access.Alternatively, a client device can be configured to not send anymodifications made by a user who is not authorized to modify a dataitem. The data item sharing engine 220 can also be configured to notrecord or distribute any unauthorized modifications received. In afurther configuration, a client device can refuse to receive amodification made by an unauthorized user. Additional methods ofenforcing a modification restriction on a data item assigned to acollection are also possible.

Data item sharing can also be configured so that a new user can beinvited to subscribe to a collection at any time. In some cases, only anadministrator of the collection can invite a new user to subscribe to acollection. Alternatively, an administrator can review and approve ordeny an invite submitted by a non-administrative user subscribed to thecollection. Once a new user subscribes to a collection, the new user canreceive all data items currently assigned to collection along with themodifications.

In some configurations, a data item previously assigned to a collectioncan be removed from the collection. The result of removing a data itemfrom a collection can vary with the configuration. For example, in somecases, all users subscribed to the collection can keep the local copy ofthe data item, but modifications will no longer be propagated and newlysubscribed users will not receive the removed data item. Alternatively,all local copies can be deleted, but in some configurations, the userwho assigned the data item can keep the data item. Additionally, in somecases, the data item sharing engine 220 can maintain a record of thedata item. In some cases, only an administrator of a collection and/orthe user that assigned the data item can remove a data item from acollection.

Similar to a data item, in some configurations, a user can unsubscribefrom a collection. The result of unsubscribing from a collection canvary with the configuration. For example, in some cases, all localcopies of data items assigned to the collection, which were not assignedby the user, can be removed from the user's client devices.Alternatively, the user can keep the local copies, but modificationswill no longer be propagated to the collection. Additionally, in somecases, an administrator can remove a user from a collection and/or altera user's permissions associated with the collection. For example, if auser is abusing the collection by assigning undesirable content or thecollection is associated with a project in a work environment and theuser is no longer working on the project.

Additionally, in some configurations, a collection can be deleted. Forexample, if the collection is associated with a project and the projectis cancelled or completed, the collection may no longer be needed. Theresult of deleting a collection can vary with the configuration. In someconfigurations, all local copies of the data items assigned to thecollection can be deleted. In some cases, an administrator and/or theuser who assigned a data item can maintain a data item. Alternatively,all users can maintain local copies of the data items assigned to thecollection. Additionally, in some cases, the data item sharing engine220 can maintain a record of the collection.

As previously mentioned, a local copy of data item assigned to acollection can be stored anywhere on a client device. Therefore, in someconfigurations, a shared data item can have a differentiating featurethat distinguishes it on the client device from non-shared data items.For example, a shared data item can be highlighted, displayed in adifferent color, displayed with a different level of opacity, etc.Additionally, the differentiating feature can coordinate with thecollection the data item is assigned to. For example, a data itemassigned to collection 1 can be displayed in red and a data itemassigned to collection 2 can be displayed in blue. In some cases, thefile descriptor details can specify whether the data item is sharedand/or the collection the data item is assigned to.

2.2.4 Privacy and Security

As described above, in some configurations, the cloud computingresources system can be used to store user data. The present disclosurecontemplates that, in some instances, this gathered data might includepersonal and/or sensitive data. The present disclosure furthercontemplates that the entities responsible for the collection, analysis,disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use of such data shouldimplement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that aregenerally recognized meeting or exceeding industry or governmentalrequirements for maintaining personal information data private andsecure. For example, personal data from users should be collected forlegitimate and reasonable uses of the entity and not shared or soldoutside of those legitimate uses. Further, such collection should occuronly after the informed consent of the users. Additionally, suchentities should take any needed steps for safeguarding and securingaccess to such personal data and ensuring that others with access to thepersonal data adhere to their privacy and security policies andprocedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluationby third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacypolicies and practices.

Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplatesembodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to,personal data. That is, the present disclosure contemplates thathardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent or blockaccess to such personal data. For example, the present technology can beconfigured to allow users to select the data that is stored incloud-based storage. In another example, the present technology can alsobe configured to allow a user to specify the data stored in cloud-basedstorage that can be shared with other users.

Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use ofpersonal data to implement one or more various disclosed embodiments,the present disclosure also contemplates that the various embodimentscan also be implemented without the need for accessing such personaldata. That is, the various embodiments of the present technology are notrendered inoperable due to the lack of all or a portion of such personaldata. For example, non-personal data can be stored in cloud-basedstorage.

3. Usage

The CCR system 200 facilitates a variety of cloud-based featuresincluding enhanced cloud-based storage, cloud-based resources, and dataitem sharing and collaboration. FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating anexemplary method 1200 for storing a data item using enhanced cloud-basedstorage. For the sake of clarity, this method is discussed in terms ofan exemplary cloud computing resources system, such as is shown in FIG.2. Although specific steps are show in FIG. 12, in other embodiments amethod can have more or less steps than shown. The data item storingmethod can begin when the cloud computing resources system receives arequest from a client device to store a data item (1202). In response toreceiving the store request, the cloud computing resource system canobtain user account details (1204).

Using the user account details and the information regarding the dataitem, the cloud computing resource system can determine whether it canstore the data item in cloud-based storage (1206). The cloud computingresources system can make the determination based on predefinedcriteria. For example, in some cases, the cloud computing resourcesystem can be configured to allocate less space than the approvedmaximum capacity specified in the user account details. Alternatively,the cloud computing resources system can determine that the user hasexceeded the user's approved maximum storage capacity as specified inthe user account details. Therefore, the cloud computing system can makethe determination based on space allocation and/or authorization. Insome cases, the cloud computing resources system can determine that itis less efficient to store the data item in cloud-based storage than onan external network storage device. For example, storing the data itemin cloud-based storage may increase latency and decrease performanceover the external network storage device. Additionally, the cloudcomputing resources system can make the determination based on userpreferences. For example, a user may specify that a particular data itemor a particular type of data item should be stored on the externalnetwork storage device. Additional predefined criteria are alsopossible.

When the cloud computing resource system determines that the data itemcannot be stored in cloud-based storage, the cloud computing resourcesystem can check the account details to determine if there is anauthorized external network storage device (1208). If at least oneexternal network storage device is authorized in the user accountdetails, the cloud computing resource system can cause the data item tobe stored on the authorized external network storage device (1214). Insome cases, the user account details can specify more than oneauthorized external network storage device. In this case, the cloudcomputing resource system can select an external network storage devicefrom the available external network storages devices. In some cases, theselection can be based on predefined selection criteria, such as random,the amount of space available, distance from the cloud computingresource system, data item type, user preference, reliability of theexternal network storage device, etc. Additionally, the cloud computingstorage device can update the user account details to reflect thestorage location (1216).

If the user account details do not specify an authorized externalnetwork storage device, the cloud computing system can be configured toevaluate why the cloud computing device could not store the data item incloud-based storage (1210). Based on the results of the evaluation, thecloud computing resource system can take remedial action (1212). Forexample, if the cloud computing resource system determines that the dataitem was not stored in cloud-based storage because the cloud computingresource system allocated less space than is authorized in the useraccount details, the cloud computing resources system can allocate morespace and thereafter store the data item using the cloud computingresources. In another example, if the cloud computing resource systemdetermines that the data item was not stored in cloud-based storagebecause the user exceeded the amount of space authorized in the useraccount details, the cloud computing resources system can notify theuser. In yet another example, if the cloud computing resource systemdetermines that the data item was not stored in cloud-based storagebecause it was determined that it would be more efficient to store thedata item on an external network storage device, the cloud computingresource system can store the data item in cloud-based storage. In afurther example, if the cloud computing resource system determines thatthe user requested that the data item be stored on an external networkstorage device, the cloud computing resources system can notify the userof the lack of an authorized external network storage device and/orrequest permission to store the data item in cloud-based storage.Additional remedial actions are also possible. After completing step1212 or 1216, the cloud computing resources system can resume previousprocessing, which can include repeating method 1200.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method 1300 forretrieving a data item using enhanced cloud-based storage. For the sakeof clarity, this method is discussed in terms of an exemplary cloudcomputing resources system, such as is shown in FIG. 2. Althoughspecific steps are shown in FIG. 13, in other embodiments a method canhave more or less steps than shown. The data item retrieval method canbegin when the cloud computing resources system receives a request froma client device to retrieve a data item (1302). In response to receivingthe retrieve request, the cloud computing resources system can obtainuser account details (1304).

Using the user account details and the information regarding the dataitem, the cloud computing resources system can identify whether the dataitem is stored in cloud-based storage (1306). If the cloud computingresources system determines that the data item is not stored incloud-based storage, the cloud computing resources system can identifywhether the data item is stored on an external network storage device(1308). If the cloud computing resources system is unable to identify astorage location of the requested data item, the cloud computingresources system can send a failure message to the requesting clientdevice (1310). In some cases, a failure can occur if the data item wasnever stored in cloud-based storage. Alternatively, a failure can occurif the data item was stored on an external network storage device, butthe device is no longer accessible by the cloud computing resourcessystem, e.g., the user disconnected the external network storage deviceform the network. Additional failure scenarios are also possible.

If the cloud computing resources system is able to identify a storagelocation of the requested data item, the cloud computing resourcessystem can retrieve the data item from the storage location (1312) andsend the data item to the requesting client device (1314). Aftercompleting step 1310 or 1314, the cloud computing resource system canresume previous processing, which can include repeating method 1300.

FIG. 14 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method 1400 forinstalling an application with application resource file placeholders.For the sake of clarity, this method is discussed in terms of anexemplary client device containing an operating system configured forfile retrieval, and that is connected to a cloud computing resourcessystem, such as is shown in FIG. 2. Although specific steps are shown inFIG. 14, in other embodiments a method can have more or less steps thanshown. The application installation method can begin when the operatingsystem running on the client device receives a request to install anapplication that includes a main application executable and one or moreapplication resource files (1402). In response to the request, theoperating system determines whether the one or more application resourcefiles should be installed (1404). In some cases, the determinationwhether to install an application resource files can be based onpredefined criteria, such as application resource file size, maximumtotal size of installed application resource files for the application,target application use, or application usage history. If the operatingsystem determines that the application resource file should beinstalled, then the operating system installs it (1408). However, if theoperating system determines that the application resource file shouldnot be installed, then the operating system installs an applicationresource file placeholder (1406). In some cases, an application resourcefile placeholder can have the appearance of an actual applicationresource file, but is instead an empty file.

After installing either an application resource file or an applicationresource file placeholder, the operating system determines whether thereare more application resource files to install (1410). If so, theoperating system repeats the process. After completing step 1410, theoperating system on the client device can resume previous processing,which can include repeating method 1400.

FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method 1500 forobtaining an application resource file. For the sake of clarity, thismethod is discussed in terms of an exemplary client device containing anoperation system configured for file retrieval, and that is connected toa cloud computing resources system, such as is shown in FIG. 2. Althoughspecific steps are shown in FIG. 15, in other embodiments a method canhave more or less steps than shown. The application resource fileretrieval method can begin when the operating system running on theclient device receives a request from an application, also running onthe client device, for an application resource file (1502). In responseto the request, the operating system determines whether the applicationresource file stored on the client device is the actual applicationresource file or is instead an application resource file placeholder(1504). In some cases, an application resource file placeholder can havethe appearance of an actual application resource file, but is instead anempty file. In some configurations, the operating system can determinethat an application resource file is a placeholder when a special bit onthe file is set. Other techniques for differentiating an actualapplication resource file from a placeholder are also possible.

If the operating system determines that a requested application resourcefile corresponds to an application resource file placeholder, theoperating system can trigger a fault. The triggered fault can cause theclient device to request the application resource file from a cloudcomputing resources system (1506). Upon receiving the applicationresource file, the operating system can replace the placeholder with thereceived application resource file (1508). Finally, the operating systemcan send the application resource file to the requesting application(1510). After completing step 1510, the operating system on the clientdevice can resume previous processing, which can include repeatingmethod 1500.

FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method 1600 for dataitem sharing and collaboration. For the sake of clarity, this method isdiscussed in terms of an exemplary cloud computing resources system,such as is shown in FIG. 2. However, this method can also be performedin part or entirely on a client device. Although specific steps areshown in FIG. 16, in other embodiments a method can have more or lesssteps than shown. The data item sharing and collaboration method canbegin when the cloud computing resources system receives a request froma client device to form a data item group or collection (1602). Therequest to form a collection can include a set of user identifiers.Additionally, in some cases, the request can include one or more dataitems to assign to the collection. In addition to the set of useridentifiers received with the collection formation request, the cloudcomputing resource system can separately receive a request to invite auser to subscribe to a collection.

In response to receiving the request to form a collection, or a separaterequest to invite a user to subscribe to a collection, the cloudcomputing resources system can send an invitation to subscribe to thecollection to each user associated with a user identifier included inthe request (1604). At some later point, the cloud computing resourcessystem can receive a response to a subscribe invitation from an inviteduser. Based on the response, the cloud computing resources system cansubscribe the user to the collection (1606). In some cases, the cloudcomputing resources system can require the user to authenticate with thesystem prior to completing the subscription process. After subscribingthe user, the CCR system can check if data items have been assigned tothe collection (1608). If so, the cloud computing resource system cansend a copy of each assigned data item to a client device associatedwith the subscribed user (1614). In some cases, a user can have multipleclient devices authorized in the user's account. In this case, the cloudcomputing resources system can send a copy to each authorized clientdevice.

In some cases, a request to form a collection can include one or moredata items. Alternatively, the cloud computing resource system canreceive a separate request to assign a data item to a collection. Inresponse to receiving a data item, the cloud computing resource systemcan assign the data item to the collection (1610). After assigning, thedata item, the cloud computing resource system can determine if thereare any users subscribed to the collection other than the user whoassigned the data item to the collection (1612). If so, the cloudcomputing resource system can send a copy of the data item to a clientdevice associated with the subscribed user (1614). In some cases, a usercan have multiple client devices authorized in the user's account. Inthis case, the cloud computing resources system can send a copy to eachauthorized client device. In some cases, the cloud computing resourcessystem can concurrently subscribe a user to a collection (1606) andassign a data item to the collection (1610).

At some later point, the cloud computing resource system can receive amodification to a data item assigned to the collection (1616). In somecases, the modification can be a sequence of modifications.Additionally, the cloud computing resources system can receivemodifications to a data item from multiple users. In response toreceiving the modification, the cloud computing resources system candistribute the modification to each user subscribed to the collection(1618). After completing step 1618, the cloud computing resource systemcan resume previous processing, which can include repeating method 1600.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method 1700 forsubscribing a user to a collection. For the sake of clarity, this methodis discussed in terms of an exemplary cloud computing resources system,such as is shown in FIG. 2. However, this method can also be performedin part or entirely on a client device. Although specific steps areshown in FIG. 17, in other embodiments a method can have more or lesssteps than shown. The user subscription method can begin when the cloudcomputing resources system receives a request to invite a user tosubscribe to a collection (1702). The request can include a useridentifier. In some cases, the cloud computing resources system canreceive the request to invite a user to subscribe to a collection aspart of a request to form the collection. Alternatively, the cloudcomputing resources system can receive a separate request to invite auser. In some cases, the cloud computing resources system can receive arequest to invite a user from an administrator of the collection and/oranother user with authorization to invite users to subscribe to thecollection.

In response to receiving a request to invite a user to subscribe to acollection, the cloud computing resources system can send an invitationto subscribe to the collection to a user associated with the useridentifier (1704). The cloud computing resources system can beconfigured to send the invitation using a variety of differenttechniques. For example, the cloud computing resource system can sendthe invitation via email, instant message, SMS, a notification in aclient side application, a pop-up window on a client device, etc.

At some later time, the cloud computing resources system can receive aresponse from the invited user (1706). If the cloud computing resourcessystem determines that the response is an affirmative response (1708),the cloud computing resource system can authenticate the responding user(1710). The cloud computing resources system can use any authenticationprocess. For example, the cloud computing resource system canauthenticate the user by requiring the user to log into the user accountto which the subscription invitation was sent. Alternative techniquesfor authenticating the user are also possible.

In some configurations, a user can respond to the subscribe invitationwith a negative response. That is, the user can send an explicitresponse that the user does not want to subscribe to the collection, asopposed to simply ignoring the invitation. In some cases, the cloudcomputing resources system can ignore an explicit negative response.Alternatively, the cloud computing resources system can take an action,such as notifying the user that requested the invitation and/or updateany records associated with the collection.

The cloud computing resources system can determine whether the userauthentication succeeded (1712) and respond accordingly. If theauthentication did succeed, the cloud computing resources system cancomplete the user's subscription to the collection (1714). Completingthe user's subscription can include adding the user's identifier to thecollection's records. In some cases, upon completing the subscription,the cloud computing resources system can send a notification to the userthat requested the invitation and/or an administrator of the collection.If the authentication failed, the cloud computing resources system candeny the user's subscription to the collection (1716). In someconfigurations, upon a failed authentication, the user can attempt tocomplete the authentication process again. Additionally, in some cases,the cloud computing resource system can cap the number of failedauthentication attempts. Furthermore, in some cases, upon a failedsubscription attempt, the cloud computing resource system can send anotification to the user that requested the invitation and/or anadministrator of the collection. After completing step 1714 or 1716, orupon a negative response at step 1708, the cloud computing resourcessystem can resume previous processing, which can include repeatingmethod 1700.

FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method 1800 forassigning a data item to a collection. For the sake of clarity, thismethod is discussed in terms of an exemplary cloud computing resourcessystem, such as is shown in FIG. 2. However, this method can also beperformed in part or entirely on a client device. Although specificsteps are shown in FIG. 18, in other embodiments a method can have moreor less steps than shown. The data item assignment method can begin whenthe cloud computing resources system receives a request to assign a dataitem to a collection (1802). In some cases, the cloud computingresources system can receive the request to assign a data item to acollection as part of a request to form the collection. Alternatively,the cloud computing resources system can receive a separate request toassign a data item to a collection.

In response to receiving a request to assign a data item to acollection, the cloud computing resources system can check if therequesting user is authorized to assign a data item to the collection(1804). In some cases, a collection can have a policy such that only asubset of the users subscribed to the collection are authorized toassign a data item to the collection. For example, a collection can havea policy that only administrators can assign data items to thecollection.

If the cloud computing resources system determines that the user ispermitted to assign a data item to the collection, the cloud computingresources system can check if the data item is of a type that ispermitted to be assigned to the collection (1806). In some cases, acollection can have a policy that prohibits some data item types frombeing assigned to the collection. For example, a collection can have apolicy that only word processing documents can be assigned to thecollection.

If the cloud computing resources system determines that the data item isof a type that is permitted to be assigned to the collection, the cloudcomputing resources system can assign the data item to the collection(1808). Assigning the data item to the collection can include adding thedata item to the collection's records. In some cases, upon assigning thedata item, the cloud computing resources system can send a notificationto the user that requested the assignment and/or an administrator of thecollection.

Upon assigning the data item to the collection, the cloud computingresources system can distribute a copy of the data item to a clientdevice associated with each user subscribed to the collection (1810). Insome cases, a user can have multiple client devices authorized in auser's account. In this case, the cloud computing resources system cansend a copy to each authorized client device. In some configurations,the cloud computing resources system can distribute a notification toeach user subscribed to the collection that a new data item has beenassigned to the collection instead of and/or in addition to sending thedata item. The cloud computing resources system can be configured tosend the notification using a variety of different techniques. Forexample, the cloud computing resource system can send the notificationvia email, instant message, SMS, a notification in a client sideapplication, a pop-up window on a client device, etc.

If the cloud computing resources system determine that the user is notauthorized to assign a data item to the collection and/or that the dataitem type is not permitted in the collection, the cloud computingresources system can block the data item from the collection (1812). Insome configurations, upon a failed assignment, the cloud computingresources system can send a notification to the user requesting theassignment and/or an administrator of the collection. In some cases, thenotification can indicate why the assignment failed. After completingstep 1810 or 1812, the cloud computing resource system can resumeprevious processing, which can include repeating method 1800.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method 1900 formodification a data item assigned to a collection. For the sake ofclarity, this method is discussed in terms of an exemplary cloudcomputing resources system, such as is shown in FIG. 2. However, thismethod can also be performed in part or entirely on a client device.Although specific steps are shown in FIG. 19, in other embodiments amethod can have more or less steps than shown. The data itemmodification method can begin when the cloud computing resources systemreceives a modification to a data item assigned to the collection(1902). In some cases, the modification can be the entire data item.Alternatively, the modification can be a piece of the data item thatindicates the difference between the two versions. Additionally, in somecases, a modification can be a sequence of modifications.

In response to receiving a modification to a data item, the cloudcomputing resources system can check if the user who sent themodification is authorized to modify the data item (1904). In somecases, a collection can have a policy such that only a subset of theusers subscribed to the collection are authorized to modify the dataitems. Alternatively, the policy can be sent at the data item level.That is, each data item can have an associated set of permission thatindicates which users are permitted to make modifications.

If the cloud computing resources system determines that the user ispermitted to modify the data item, the cloud computing resources systemcan update the data item (1906). In some cases, the cloud computingresources system can maintain a copy of the data item. When amodification is received, the cloud computing resources system can mergethe modification in the copy of the data item. Additionally, the cloudcomputing resources system can maintain a record of the modifications.Upon receiving a modification, the cloud computing resources system candistribute the modification to a client device associated with each usersubscribed to the collection (1908).

If the cloud computing resources system determines that the user is notpermitted to modify the data item, the cloud computing resources systemcan block the modification (1910). In some configurations, upon a failedmodification, the cloud computing resources system can send anotification to the user attempting to share a modification and/or anadministrator of the collection. In some cases, the notification canindicate why the modification failed. After completing step 1908 or1910, the cloud computing resource system can resume previousprocessing, which can include repeating method 1900.

4. Exemplary System

With reference to FIG. 20, an exemplary system 2000 includes ageneral-purpose computing device 2000, including a processing unit (CPUor processor) 2020 and a system bus 2010 that couples various systemcomponents including the system memory 2030 such as read only memory(ROM) 2040 and random access memory (RAM) 2050 to the processor 2020.The system 2000 can include a cache 2022 connected directly with, inclose proximity to, or integrated as part of the processor 2020. Thesystem 2000 copies data from the memory 2030 and/or the storage device2060 to the cache for quick access by the processor 2020. In this way,the cache provides a performance boost that avoids processor 2020 delayswhile waiting for data. These and other modules can control or beconfigured to control the processor 2020 to perform various actions.Other system memory 2030 may be available for use as well. The memory2030 can include multiple different types of memory with differentperformance characteristics. It can be appreciated that the disclosuremay operate on a computing device 2000 with more than one processor 2020or on a group or cluster of computing devices networked together toprovide greater processing capability. The processor 2020 can includeany general purpose processor and a hardware module or software module,such as module 1 2062, module 2 2064, and module 3 2066 stored instorage device 2060, configured to control the processor 2020 as well asa special-purpose processor where software instructions are incorporatedinto the actual processor design. The processor 2020 may essentially bea completely self-contained computing system, containing multiple coresor processors, a bus, memory controller, cache, etc. A multi-coreprocessor may be symmetric or asymmetric.

The system bus 2010 may be any of several types of bus structuresincluding a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and alocal bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. A basicinput/output (BIOS) stored in ROM 2040 or the like, may provide thebasic routine that helps to transfer information between elements withinthe computing device 2000, such as during start-up. The computing device2000 further includes storage devices 2060 such as a hard disk drive, amagnetic disk drive, an optical disk drive, tape drive or the like. Thestorage device 2060 can include software modules 2062, 2064, 2066 forcontrolling the processor 2020. Other hardware or software modules arecontemplated. The storage device 2060 is connected to the system bus2010 by a drive interface. The drives and the associated computerreadable storage media provide nonvolatile storage of computer readableinstructions, data structures, program modules and other data for thecomputing device 2000. In one aspect, a hardware module that performs aparticular function includes the software component stored in anon-transitory computer-readable medium in connection with the necessaryhardware components, such as the processor 2020, bus 2010, display 2070,and so forth, to carry out the function. The basic components are knownto those of skill in the art and appropriate variations are contemplateddepending on the type of device, such as whether the device 2000 is asmall, handheld computing device, a desktop computer, or a computerserver.

Although the exemplary embodiment described herein employs the hard disk2060, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that othertypes of computer readable media which can store data that areaccessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memorycards, digital versatile disks, cartridges, random access memories(RAMs) 2050, read only memory (ROM) 2040, a cable or wireless signalcontaining a bit stream and the like, may also be used in the exemplaryoperating environment. Non-transitory computer-readable storage mediaexpressly exclude media such as energy, carrier signals, electromagneticwaves, and signals per se.

To enable user interaction with the computing device 2000, an inputdevice 2090 represents any number of input mechanisms, such as amicrophone for speech, a touch-sensitive screen for gesture or graphicalinput, keyboard, mouse, motion input, speech and so forth. An outputdevice 2070 can also be one or more of a number of output mechanismsknown to those of skill in the art. In some instances, multimodalsystems enable a user to provide multiple types of input to communicatewith the computing device 2000. The communications interface 2080generally governs and manages the user input and system output. There isno restriction on operating on any particular hardware arrangement andtherefore the basic features here may easily be substituted for improvedhardware or firmware arrangements as they are developed.

For clarity of explanation, the illustrative system embodiment ispresented as including individual functional blocks including functionalblocks labeled as a “processor” or processor 2020. The functions theseblocks represent may be provided through the use of either shared ordedicated hardware, including, but not limited to, hardware capable ofexecuting software and hardware, such as a processor 2020, that ispurpose-built to operate as an equivalent to software executing on ageneral purpose processor. For example, the functions of one or moreprocessors presented in FIG. 20 may be provided by a single sharedprocessor or multiple processors. (Use of the term “processor” shouldnot be construed to refer exclusively to hardware capable of executingsoftware.) Illustrative embodiments may include microprocessor and/ordigital signal processor (DSP) hardware, read-only memory (ROM) 2040 forstoring software performing the operations discussed below, and randomaccess memory (RAM) 2050 for storing results. Very large scaleintegration (VLSI) hardware embodiments, as well as custom VLSIcircuitry in combination with a general purpose DSP circuit, may also beprovided.

The logical operations of the various embodiments are implemented as:(1) a sequence of computer implemented steps, operations, or proceduresrunning on a programmable circuit within a general use computer, (2) asequence of computer implemented steps, operations, or proceduresrunning on a specific-use programmable circuit; and/or (3)interconnected machine modules or program engines within theprogrammable circuits. The system 2000 shown in FIG. 20 can practice allor part of the recited methods, can be a part of the recited systems,and/or can operate according to instructions in the recitednon-transitory computer-readable storage media. Such logical operationscan be implemented as modules configured to control the processor 2020to perform particular functions according to the programming of themodule. For example, FIG. 20 illustrates three modules Mod1 2062, Mod22064 and Mod3 2066 which are modules configured to control the processor2020. These modules may be stored on the storage device 2060 and loadedinto RAM 2050 or memory 2030 at runtime or may be stored as would beknown in the art in other computer-readable memory locations.

Embodiments within the scope of the present disclosure may also includetangible and/or non-transitory computer-readable storage media forcarrying or having computer-executable instructions or data structuresstored thereon. Such non-transitory computer-readable storage media canbe any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose orspecial purpose computer, including the functional design of any specialpurpose processor as discussed above. By way of example, and notlimitation, such non-transitory computer-readable media can include RAM,ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storageor other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be usedto carry or store desired program code means in the form ofcomputer-executable instructions, data structures, or processor chipdesign. When information is transferred or provided over a network oranother communications connection (either hardwired, wireless, orcombination thereof) to a computer, the computer properly views theconnection as a computer-readable medium. Thus, any such connection isproperly termed a computer-readable medium. Combinations of the aboveshould also be included within the scope of the computer-readable media.

Computer-executable instructions include, for example, instructions anddata which cause a general purpose computer, special purpose computer,or special purpose processing device to perform a certain function orgroup of functions. Computer-executable instructions also includeprogram modules that are executed by computers in stand-alone or networkenvironments. Generally, program modules include routines, programs,components, data structures, objects, and the functions inherent in thedesign of special-purpose processors, etc. that perform particular tasksor implement particular abstract data types. Computer-executableinstructions, associated data structures, and program modules representexamples of the program code means for executing steps of the methodsdisclosed herein. The particular sequence of such executableinstructions or associated data structures represents examples ofcorresponding acts for implementing the functions described in suchsteps.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that other embodiments of thedisclosure may be practiced in network computing environments with manytypes of computer system configurations, including personal computers,hand-held devices, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based orprogrammable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframecomputers, and the like. Embodiments may also be practiced indistributed computing environments where tasks are performed by localand remote processing devices that are linked (either by hardwiredlinks, wireless links, or by a combination thereof) through acommunications network. In a distributed computing environment, programmodules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

The various embodiments described above are provided by way ofillustration only and should not be construed to limit the scope of thedisclosure. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize variousmodifications and changes that may be made to the principles describedherein without following the example embodiments and applicationsillustrated and described herein, and without departing from the spiritand scope of the disclosure.

We claim:
 1. A computer implemented method comprising: receiving arequest to install an application, the application comprising aplurality of application resource files; and selecting, via a processor,at least one application resource file to install as an applicationresource file placeholder, the application resource file placeholderhaving an appearance of the at least one application resource file,wherein the selecting is performed based on a first predefined criteriathat is separate from the application, and further wherein the at leastone application resource file is stored in a cloud-based storage.